Quintuple Helix Innovation Model for the European Union Defense Industry—An Empirical Research

The European defense industry is undergoing profound upheavals, and traditional innovation models may no longer be adequate. For this reason, further investigation needed to know if the triple helix (TH) suitable for one of most influential industries in world. If not suitable, it necessary identify which type n-helices are appropriate. This article follows an embedded case study research strategy that uses several sources data collection such as interviews with active-duty military personnel, scholars, industry, interagency professionals. Field notes official documentation were also collected corroboration triangulation purposes. results showed increasingly globalized, leaving national sphere weakening action participation Union governments. resulted design a quintuple model was based on TH combined technology natural environment. We concluded adequate entry new supranational players political contributions subject response by states. Scientific needed, especially Asian American countries, have policies different from those Europe.